Internet

1. Introduction to Internet

A global computer network providing a variety of information
and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols. "the guide is also available on the Internet"
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by
a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a
vast range of information resources and services.

2. History of Internet

This marvelous tool has quite a history that holds its roots in the cold war scenario. A
need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all
the research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians
had climbed the space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it
didn’t take the experts long to understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool
have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic mail. This was a big step in the
making as this opened gateways for remote computer accessing i.e. telnet.
During all this time, rigorous paper work was being done in all the elite research
institutions. From giving every computer an address to setting out the rules, everything was
getting penned down. 1973 saw the preparations for the vital TCP/IP and Ethernet services. At
the end of 1970s, Usenet groups had surfaced up. By the time the 80s had started, IBM came up
with its PC based on Intel 8088 processor which was widely used by students and universities for
it solved the purpose of easy computing. By 1982, the Defense Agencies made the TCP/IP
compulsory and the term ―internet‖ was coined. The domain name services arrived in the year
1984 which is also the time around which various internet based marked their debut. A worm, or
a rust the computers, attacked in 1988 and disabled over 10% of the computer systems all over
the world. While most of the researchers regarded it as an opportunity to enhance computing as it
was still in its juvenile phase, quite a number of computer companies became interested in
dissecting the cores of the malware which resulted to the formation Computer Emergency
Rescue Team (CERT). Soon after the world got over with the computer worm, World Wide Web
came into existence. Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a service to
connect documents in websites using hyperlinks

2.1. World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where
documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim
Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser computer
program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was released
outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the
general public on the Internet in August 1991.
The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is
the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. Web pages are primarily text
documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In addition to
formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, and software components that are
rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content.
Embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages
with a common theme, a common domain name, or both, make up a website. Website content
can largely be provided by the publisher, or interactively where users contribute content or the
content depends upon the users or their actions. Websites may be mostly informative, primarily
for entertainment, or largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organizational
purposes